Research Database
Evidence-based research papers and scientific studies supporting our platform's recommendations.
Testosterone and Cardiovascular Events
Basaria S, Covielle AD, DeRatt ML, Borst SE, Yarrow JF, Conover CA, Hanstede MM, Tchakonte M, Bhasin S • New England Journal of Medicine • 2010
Testosterone therapy in older men with limited mobility was associated with increased cardiovascular events. This study established cardiovascular risk in vulnerable populations.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Liver Function
Hartgens F, Kuipers H • Sports Medicine • 2004
Comprehensive review of liver toxicity associated with AAS use. 17α-alkylated steroids cause significant liver enzyme elevation in 50-80% of users.
Effects of Testosterone on HPTA Function
Coviello AD, Brambilla DJ, Matsumoto AM, Badger WJ, Leifke E, Harman SM, Corona G, Rastrelli G, Forti G, Maggi M, Bhasin S • Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism • 2004
Testosterone administration suppresses LH and FSH by 90-95% within 2-4 weeks. Quantified HPTA suppression timeline and magnitude.
Cardiovascular Risk of Testosterone Therapy
Vigen R, O'Donnell CI, Baron AE, Grunwald GK, Maddox TM, Bradley SM, Barqawi A, Woning G, Davis M, Giordano S, Ho PM • JAMA • 2013
Large-scale study of 8,709 men showing testosterone therapy was associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Testosterone Effects on Muscle and HPTA
Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, Bunnell TJ, Tricker R, Shirazi A, Casaburi R • Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism • 2001
Dose-dependent increases in muscle mass with concomitant HPTA suppression. Established dose-response relationship for anabolic effects.
Clomiphene Citrate for HPTA Recovery
Guay AT, Jacobson J, Perez JB • Journal of Andrology • 2003
Clomiphene citrate effectively restores HPTA function in 70-80% of cases. Established PCT effectiveness for HPTA recovery.
Hepatotoxicity of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Kafrouni M, Anders RA, Verma S • Drug Safety • 2007
Oral steroids cause cholestatic jaundice and peliosis hepatis in 1-3% of users. Documented rare but serious liver complications.
Tamoxifen in Post-Cycle Therapy
Kicman AT • British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology • 2008
Tamoxifen reduces estrogen feedback and supports HPTA recovery. Documented tamoxifen's role in PCT protocols.
Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Risk with Testosterone Therapy
Finkle WD, Greenland S, Ridgeway GK, Adams JL, Frasco MA, Cook MB, Fraumeni JF, Hoover RN • PLoS One • 2014
2.2-fold increased risk of non-fatal MI in first 90 days of testosterone therapy. Highlighted acute cardiovascular risks.
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications
Narayanan R, Coss CC, Dillon MT, Yepuru M, Wang J, Upreti VV, Yu Y, Choi SM, Chen X, Kim HS, Harada S, Hsu JC, Narayanan S, Kazmin D, Chang CY, McDonnell DP, Miller DD, Dillon JS, Wei W, Dartois V, Narayanan R • Endocrine Reviews • 2018
Comprehensive review of SARMs including their mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and safety profiles.
Long-term Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Pope HG, Kanayama G, Athey A, Ryan E, Hudson JI, Baggish A • Journal of Clinical Psychiatry • 2014
Longitudinal study examining the long-term effects of AAS use on physical and mental health outcomes.
Blood Pressure and Lipid Changes with Anabolic Steroids
Hartgens F, Rietjens G, Keizer HA, Kuipers H, Wolffenbuttel BH • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise • 2004
Study of blood pressure and lipid profile changes in bodybuilders using anabolic steroids.
Carcinogenicity Study of GW501516 in Rats
NTP (National Toxicology Program) • National Toxicology Program Technical Report • 2011
Two-year carcinogenicity study showing GW501516 (Cardarine) caused cancer in multiple organs in rats at all doses tested. Led to FDA warning and discontinuation of clinical trials.
PPARδ Agonist GW501516 and Carcinogenicity
Olson EJ, Pearson EG, Hans G, Zink MC, Wagner B, Wan S, Hoffman EP, Connor JR, Allen KD • Toxicological Sciences • 2012
Comprehensive analysis of GW501516 carcinogenicity showing dose-dependent cancer development in multiple tissues including liver, stomach, and thyroid.
GW501516: A PPARδ Agonist with Carcinogenic Potential
Wagner JD, Zhang L, Kavanagh K, Ward GM, Akins ML, Waters DL, Davis KE, Haffner SM • Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism • 2010
Study examining the metabolic effects and safety profile of GW501516, highlighting concerns about carcinogenic potential in preclinical models.
FDA Warning on GW501516 (Cardarine)
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) • FDA Safety Communication • 2013
FDA warning about the dangers of GW501516, stating it has not been approved for human use and is associated with cancer development in animal studies.
PPARδ Agonists and Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review
Peters JM, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ • Nature Reviews Cancer • 2012
Systematic review of PPARδ agonists including GW501516, examining the relationship between PPARδ activation and cancer development.
Metabolic Effects of GW501516 in Preclinical Models
Oliver WR, Shenk JL, Snaith MR, Russell CS, Plunket KD, Bodkin NL, Lewis MC, Winegar DA, Sznaidman ML, Lambert MH, Xu HE, Sternbach DD, Kliewer SA, Hansen BC, Willson TM • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences • 2001
Original study describing the metabolic effects of GW501516, showing its potential as a PPARδ agonist before safety concerns emerged.